The design, construction, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It's the main machine for sample recognition, tracking, and identification of charged particles within the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in form with a quantity close to 90 m three and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic discipline parallel to its axis. On this paper we describe in detail the design issues for this detector iTagPro smart tracker for operation in the extreme multiplicity setting of central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC vitality. The implementation of the ensuing requirements into hardware (subject cage, learn-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gasoline and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and iTagPro software led to many technical improvements that are described together with a presentation of all the main components of the detector, as currently realized. We additionally report on the efficiency achieved after completion of the first round of stand-alone calibration runs and display outcomes near those specified within the TPC Technical Design Report.
ALICE ‘central barrel’, for tracking of charged particles and particle identification. The principle aim of the ALICE experiment on the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the investigation of Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair. The resulting detector choice was a big-quantity TPC with overall ‘conventional’ lay-out however with practically all other design parameters past the state of the art. This manuscript describes intimately the resulting detector and outlines the path from design issues to construction and commissioning. In define the ALICE TPC consists of a hollow cylinder whose axis is aligned with the beams from the LHC and is parallel to the ALICE detector’s solenoidal magnetic subject. The detector is full of a counting fuel consisting of a Ne-CO2-N2 mixture at atmospheric stress. Charged particles traversing the detector ionize the fuel. The ionization electrons drift, iTagPro geofencing beneath the influence of the electric area, to the endplates of the cylinder, iTagPro website where their arrival level in the cylinder airplane is precisely measured.
The ALICE set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The TPC surrounds the Inner Tracking System (ITS) which is optimized for ItagPro the determination of the primary and secondary vertices and iTagPro website precision monitoring of low-momentum particles. On the skin the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is designed for electron identification. The outermost Time-Of-Flight (TOF) array supplies pion, kaon, and proton identification. In addition, there are three single-arm detectors: the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), the Electro-Magnetic CALorimeter (EMCAL) and an array of Rich counters optimized for high-Momentum Particle IDentification (HMPID). L3 solenoidal magnet beforehand used by the L3 experiment. The stringent requirement on the TPC temperature stability and homogeneity necessitate an elaborate cooling strategy. The strategy to stabilize the TPC temperature was validated experimentally in a small check setup and is described in Refs. Basically, it was demonstrated that thermal neutrality of the FECs may be achieved by ‘undercooling’, i.e. the cooling water is injected into the FEC cooling loops a number of degrees beneath the desired TPC working gasoline temperature. Furthermore, it was shown that the body cooling loops are required to establish stable equilibrium values of the gas operating temperature. The reaction of the leakless plant to the sudden look of a major leak, e.g. the inadvertent removal of a silicon hose with water circulation on, has been examined using specifically made mock-up sectors. The 2 mock-up sectors used have approximately the identical properties as a real sector by way of silicon-hose tubing, i.e. the pressure distribution of the water is just like an actual sector. 0.7, iTagPro website as the results of an optimization course of, but will probably be a topic of further investigation. Figure eighty one shows the TPC signal of cosmic tracks versus their momentum, from 8.Three million occasions.
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